Multiculturalism in IKN

 

The plan to move the National Capital (IKN) to East Kalimantan was officially presented by President Jokowi at the Annual Session of the MPR RI and the Joint Session of the DPD RI and DPR RI on 16 August 2019. Then, through the plenary meeting of the DPR RI on Tuesday, 18 January 2021, the Draft of The IKN Law was ratified as Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning National Capital. The presence of the new IKN will change the development orientation which was previously known as Java-centric to become Indonesia-centric to accelerate the mapping of Indonesia's development.

The realization of a National Capital that is advanced, harmonious and in accordance with the identity of the Indonesian nation requires comprehensive understanding and planning of socio-cultural and socio-economic aspects. Social aspect planning is carried out by ensuring: acceptance of the population, improving the quality of human resources, utilization and development of local wisdom, sources of livelihood for the population, as well as the role of various parties including the millennial generation in developing IKN (Kominfo, 2020). The National Capital City needs to be built with a development master plan that applies inclusive, sustainable and sustainable principles and is able to support economic growth that encourages equality throughout Indonesia. Differences in socio-cultural characteristics between local residents and immigrants need to be anticipated from the start so that the population is ecologically, economically and economically resilient. social culture can be realized (Bappenas, 2019). The culture of the local population which has influenced life for generations needs to be preserved and utilized as part of the development of the Indonesian IKN. Local residents and immigrants will unite and make social and cultural changes together. Large and comprehensive changes in the form and characteristics of the population from one situation to another to become better or more advanced is known as Socio-Cultural Transformation (Kistanto, 2018).

The relocation of the National Capital brings socio-cultural influences, namely: socio-cultural changes that occur very quickly, the potential for conflict between immigrants and local residents, population movement to surrounding areas which demands certain social handling, and the need to form a new culture with concepts, spatial planning and urban management. modern (Prasojo, 2020). So, the transfer of IKN to East Kalimantan needs to be prepared as well as possible so as not to cause problems that we don't want. A comprehensive understanding of the social, economic and cultural characteristics of the population will help Indonesia realize an IKN that is "Smart, Green, Beautiful and Sustainable" (Prasojo, 2020).

 

There are socio-cultural challenges for the IKN population:

·       Current Challenges

The success of a new national capital depends on the readiness and support of local government policies that are responsive to change (Park & Choi, 2011). The development of a country's capital can cause the loss of residence for indigenous peoples. As happened in the capital city of Pakistan (Islamabad), where there was a gap that resulted in the marginalization of indigenous people by government employees and business people (Bappenas,2020). Then, the people of the new capital city must be educated to be digital technology literate because the development of the new capital city will use the smart city concept (Prihartini,2020). In the smart city concept, digital literacy and digital inclusion are general issues that are an important part of its implementation.

·       Local Government Readiness

Regional government challenges do not only apply to areas that are IKN areas. Challenges are also faced by local governments that function as buffers, such as Paser Regency, West Kutai Regency, Balikpapan City and Kutai Regency. The regional government is faced with preparing human resources and facilitating access to IKN infrastructure development. The independence of the regional government is being tested by providing programs to local residents so that they are able to contribute to the development of IKN. Community participation is the main thing that local governments need to prepare because it can accelerate the achievement of social welfare and create openness to community aspirations.

·       Loss of Residence of Indigenous People

The Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago estimates that more than 200,000 people consisting of 19 traditional communities in North Penajam Paser and two traditional groups in Kutai Kartanegara will become victims of IKN development (Mantalean, 2022). This group will be increasingly marginalized and find it difficult to survive because their livelihoods depend on forest, garden, river and sea products. When living spaces change function due to IKN development, indigenous peoples also have the potential to lose their homes due to economic competition. This is because so far their living space has depended on traditional work. According to (Kodir et al., 2021) the development of IKN is opposed by traditional communities and environmental NGOs because there are still several villages and sub-districts whose land ownership does not have legality but is based on customary law. Indigenous residents who live in the IKN area are worried that they will be evicted because they do not have legal ownership of land inherited by custom. The indigenous people's rejection of IKN is not only due to concerns about environmental damage, but because of their dependence on the environment where they live as a sacred place and heritage that must be protected. One example that has occurred is the construction of the Sepaku Semoi dam and the Sepaku River Intake which evicted the settlements of the residents of Sepaku and Semoi villages because they did not have legality (Pratama, 2022).

·       Digital Literacy of Local Residents

Digital literacy is the user's ability to receive and absorb information received through digital media such as communication tools and internet networks. User proficiency in digital literacy depends on the ability to see, evaluate and use it intelligently, wisely and appropriately according to its benefits (RTIK Kalbar, 2021). Digital literacy is the key for local residents to be able to adapt to the demands of the concept of the Indonesian Capital City with the smart city and forest city concepts. The high number of areas experiencing telecommunications blank spots will be an obstacle for local residents and residents around IKN to increase their digital literacy. Understanding digital literacy for the local population is very important to balance the digital literacy of the immigrant population which is already high. Understanding digital literacy will also create business opportunities for local residents to remain part of economic competition and the job market in IKN.

·       Upcoming Challenges

In the long term, the capital city of the archipelago will experience challenges similar to the development of large cities in general. Some of the problems surrounding the development of big cities are urbanization, conflict due to social inequality and changes in community culture. Massive urbanization has the potential to occur in the capital city of the archipelago because the capital city is synonymous with a multifunctional city (diplomatic, governmental and economic center) that continues to develop which characterizes it as a destination city for urbanization (Ecky, 2013). Cultural penetration brought by immigrants who still have a rural feel does not only cause culture shock, but can kill local culture and turn it into a new culture (Basundoro, 2022). Meanwhile, conflicts due to inequality can occur due to feelings of being marginalized by local communities and the non-recognition of indigenous peoples' rights by immigrants and the state (LIPI, 2019).

·       Massive Urbanization

One of the main challenges of moving the capital city is massive urbanization. Urbanization does not only occur in the East Kalimantan region but can occur in wider areas (Adaba, 2022). The flow of urbanization after IKN operates as the capital will attract residents from the closest ones, namely the buffer districts in the East Kalimantan region. This attraction will expand to other regions in Kalimantan and other regions in Indonesia in line with the large economic opportunities that can be obtained at IKN. The flow of urbanization due to IKN will lead to the formation of metropolitan cities. In the future, the attractiveness of urbanization of Jakarta, which is no longer the capital, will move to IKN and surrounding districts and cities (Bappenas, 2019). The challenges of urbanization can result in other, more complex problems, namely social inequality, conflict between local residents and immigrants, increasing poverty, slums, crime and environmental damage.

·       The Emergence of a New Culture

Another challenge resulting from urbanization in various regions is the emergence of new cultures due to the mingling of local residents and immigrants. The emergence of this new culture is due to a deviation process called the vicious circle (Sobirin, 2002). The process of creating a vicious circle is due to the failure of community members to maintain the old culture (existing virtual circle) and then form new cultural values (new virtual circle) that suit their needs (Gagliardi, 1986). Old culture has the characteristics of continuing the culture created by parents and predecessors, while new culture is the result of interaction with the outside world which causes acculturation and enculturation (Sobirin, 2002). The emergence of this new culture has similarities with the emergence of Betawi culture in the capital city of Jakarta, where Betawi culture emerged because of the cultural combination of the population that the Dutch brought to Batavia during the colonial period. Betawi culture emerged from a combination of ethnicities in Indonesia such as Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Malay, Bugis, Makassar and Ambon, as well as ethnicities originating from outside such as Indian, Arab, Chinese and European (Egindo, 2021). The emergence of this new Betawi culture is related to the Dutch strategy to divide the layout of Batavia into city walls (inhabited by Europeans) and areas outside the walls inhabited by Javanese, Sundanese, Chinese and other ethnicities (Swasty, 2022). The results of a study conducted by PKM-RSH UGM saw that there were similarities between the Jakarta spatial plan built by the VOC and the IKN spatial plan, where the IKN development was divided into core areas with more detailed spatial and architectural planning and development areas (periphery) with planning that was still in progress. minimal (Swasty, 2022). According to sociological considerations, there are three possibilities for the formation of a new culture in IKN, namely acculturation, conservation and assimilation (Wirutomo, 2022). Acculturation is the dominance of immigrant culture where local residents can only adopt immigrant culture at a low level. In acculturation, the culture of immigrants becomes dominant and strong because it is supported by development that favors immigrants. Conservation is cultural stunting, where the government protects original or local culture but does not develop it with modern culture so that it is equal. Lastly, namely assimilation which is a 'win-win' mixture of cultures or there is no winning or losing between the two. Assimilation will naturally form a culture by taking the best and most useful values from native and immigrant cultures. Socio-cultural assimilation between local (local) residents in IKN and IKN borders with immigrant residents can lead to a strong new culture. Local residents in East Kalimantan have experienced cultural assimilation for a long-time side by side with immigrants in the past. This is because East Kalimantan is growing as a developing region due to the forest crop and mining industry. As a result, many immigrants from various ethnicities live for a long time with local residents who have a culture of 'accepting' immigrants. The majority of ethnicities that currently exist in East Kalimantan, namely Banjar, Javanese Bugis and Madurese can live side by side peacefully (FISIP UI, 2020). So, with the arrival of new immigrants from IKN, it is hoped that a new culture will be formed that represents the real Indonesian population.

·       Conflict Resulting from Social Inequality

The gap between the local population and the migrant population on a certain scale can result in conflict. This gap can occur in many ways, namely due to differences in the quality of human resources regarding skills, education, economic conditions and government alignments. Immigrant residents from outside IKN generally have superior quality in terms of education, work ethic and skills. The transfer of ASN from ministries and institutions will of course be followed by private workers in the fields of banking, health, education, tourism, and including economic actors. The best complementary infrastructure will also attract educated and skilled workers. The people who will move are selected people who have advantages according to their fields and expertise from institutions or companies that have placed themselves in IKN. The presence of immigrant residents who have more advantages can give rise to a social issue called 'culture shock' for local residents (Kastrat UGM, 2019). The work culture of migrant residents who are used to working in big cities will have a shock effect on local residents. This shock effect is also felt by local residents who are used to getting to know each other with the presence of new people in their neighborhood. Differences in the quality of human resources can trigger social disparities between immigrants and local residents. In terms of business and employment opportunities, local residents will compete with immigrants who are generally more competent. Based on the results of a survey conducted, as many as 47.3 percent of respondents stated that they were not sure that the transfer of IKN would guarantee the expansion of job opportunities for local communities (Susilawati, 2022). This is because local residents will be defeated by migrant residents who are already prepared to work at IKN. As a result of this competition, local residents will only fill the remaining jobs because they have difficulty finding work. If the IKN Authority Government takes sides towards ASN ministries and institutions and groups of migrant workers, it will also create an impression of exclusivity which can lead to social inequality.

If we look closely, the multicultural society of East Kalimantan is the main asset in supporting IKN, because the younger generation needs to be prepared to play an active role in IKN, especially Gen Z and post-Gen Z, because this generation will continue the noble ideals of the Indonesian nation.

Even though culturally the people of East Kalimantan really support the existence and progress of IKN, they must still encourage all groups, including educators, both teachers and lecturers, to prepare East Kalimantan's human resources (HR) to be able to play an active role in IKN. Another impact of increasing human resources apart from being able to play an active role in IKN is to be able to enter employment in various sectors and to improve the economy. Even at IKN there are also opportunities for educational development and career development, to strengthen local identity and culture, then to increase knowledge and technological innovation.

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